The months that followed the WHO's declaration of the novel coronavirus outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern saw most states mobilising some level of military capacity. Militaries took on a wide variety of roles amid national responses. These ranged from setting up field hospitals in Serbia, Russia, or France, to delivering protective equipment or enforcing lockdowns in South Africa, Spain, or Italy. In some settings, like the Philippines or Indonesia, the military led the entire response. This article situates these COVID-19 military involvements amid the contemporary use of militaries in global health. It highlights issues of continuity, change, and resistance in military health-related roles. The article positions the pandemic as a pivotal event in global health military engagements. I identify three emerging trends in national military responses to COVID-19: (1) Minimal technical military support (2) Blended civil-military responses and (3) Military-led responses. Each of these trends provides a scale of military encroachment into national health apparatuses (see Table 1). They also point towards specific lacunae within health and political systems. Overarching dynamics characterise these involvements. These partake to a country's historical military legacy, the robustness of its civilian health system, and its public health approach (including pandemic preparedness models and delivery frameworks). Often thought of as a last resort, militaries have become a preferred response in humanitarian crises, health emergencies, and pandemic preparedness.įomenting new COVID-19-related civil-military assemblages, these involvements will inescapably influence future local and global civil-military relations. 1 This presence has taken hold through the reciprocal increase of health activities within defence policy and that of militaries in the global health policy realm. This two-way process is owed to the interdependence of international and local civil-military health engagements. A New Robo Unusual Effect: 'Time Wrap' on Hat Soldier's Slope Scopers in TF2 Team Fortress 2 ClipsForGames 2.19K subscribers Subscribe 6 Share 2K views 10 years ago A New Unusual Effect. I understand global health military engagement as an understudied phenomenon linking foreign and domestic military health practices. This phenomenon has long institutional roots militaries have historically used health activities to legitimise their presence in domestic and foreign settings. 2 A global politics of medicine (linking medicine and warfare) can be traced back to colonial times 3 and context-specific martial politics have carried through civilian institutions.
4 Enduring French military cooperation (through the Pasteur Institutes’ worldwide presence), for example, bears witness to this legacy. 5 Militaries have long contributed to medical innovation and population-level disease control efforts. 6 The United States (US) Military Committee on Medical Research's development of anti-malarial chloroquine treatments during the Second World War 7 or Major Walter Reed's yellow fever human experimentation programme 8 are paradigmatic instances. COVID-19-related military engagements have, therefore, emerged amid a historical continuum linking health and military actors. This historical continuum is exacerbated by contemporary dynamics at both international and national levels.Īt the national level, militaries usually encompass medical services. At that time tourism was in its infancy, transport links were long, difficult, potentially arduous with accommodation often basic.These services typically make up a small fraction of overall defence expenditures. Having lived and worked in bustling Guangzhou and keen to discover more of China, I knew within my heart that I wanted to go ‘beyond the clouds', to Yunnan. The unique tiled rooftops and the sheer compactness of the Old Town is best viewed from Lion Hill. Apart from horse, no vehicle traffic meant narrow, stone-laid alleys wound between a dense maze of buildings centred on the Market Square. The Naxi, as middlemen, prospered as did Lijiang with its unique, spacious domestic architecture - distinctive two-floor homes with rear courtyards set along a network of fast-flowing canals.
Nestling below icy peaks of Jade Dragon Snow Mountain ( yulongxueshan) Lijiang was on the ‘Tea Horse Road' ( chamagudao) between Yunnan's Pu'er and Tibet's Lhasa. Their traditional existence continued, seemingly in a time-warp, contrasting with rapidly evolving eastern coastal areas. The filmmakers had serialised the lives of the Naxi ethnic nationality living within Yunnan province's Lijiang. In the early 1990's a documentary series,'Beyond the Clouds', introduced British television viewers to a remote town and its people high in the mountains of Southwest China. Towards Lijiang from slopes of the Snow Mountain 1995.
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